Electromagnetic gauge theory
The standard model of particle physics is said to be a gauge theory. It’s made up of different sectors, including the electroweak sector which is said to be a Yang-Mills…
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Electromagnetic gauge theory
The electron
The electron is usually described as a fundamental or elementary particle. That doesn’t tell you much, but when you look for more information, it’s rather scant. You soon learn that…
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The electron
The photon
The photon has a wave nature, which is why we can refract and diffract light. But what sort of a wave nature? When you try to find a picture, a…
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The photon
Quantum electrodynamics in the 1930s
Quantum electrodynamics or QED is said to be the quantum field theory or QFT which gives “a complete account of matter and light interaction”. Some say it was developed by…
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Quantum electrodynamics in the 1930s
How gravity works
Once you understand that there is no time flowing inside an optical clock, then you understand that an optical clock goes slower when it’s lower because light goes slower when…
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How gravity works
The speed of light is not constant
The speed of sound in air is sometimes said to be 343.2 metres per second or 768 miles per hour. But actually, it varies. It usually decreases with altitude up…
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The speed of light is not constant